Elements and Principles of Art and
Design
Terms and Definitions
Elements
LINE
Line can be considered in two ways. The linear marks made with a pen or
brush or the edge created when two shapes meet.
SHAPE
A shape is a self contained defined area of geometric or organic form. A
positive shape in a painting automatically creates a negative shape.
DIRECTION
All lines have direction - Horizontal, Vertical or Oblique. Horizontal
suggests calmness, stability and tranquility. Vertical gives a feeling of
balance, formality and alertness. Oblique suggests movement and action.
SIZE
Size is simply the relationship of the area occupied by one shape to that
of another.
TEXTURE
Texture is the surface quality of a shape - rough, smooth, soft hard
glossy etc. Texture can be physical (tactile) or visual.
COLOUR
Hue, Value and Intensity.
VALUE
Value
is the lightness or darkness of a colour. Value is also called Tone
Principles
UNITY/ Harmony The use of similar elements.
BALANCE Asymmetrical, symmetrical or radial balance.
EMPHASIS The object that contains the most dominance, focus and
interest of the entire artwork.
CONTRAST The polar opposite in terms of color, texture, value, shape, style and subject matter.
VARIETY Implementing elements that differ from currently used elements.
RHYTHM Aesthetically pleasing
vibrations caused by a repetition of the elements.
MOVEMENT/Composition Intentionally driving the viewers eye through the work of art in various directions.
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